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Systems science is an interdisciplinary field that studies the nature of systems—from simple to complex—in nature, society, and science itself. The field aims to develop interdisciplinary foundations that are applicable in a variety of areas, such as engineering, biology, medicine, and social sciences.〔Philip M'Pherson (1974, p. 229); as cited by: Hieronymi, A. (2013), Understanding Systems Science: A Visual and Integrative Approach. ''Syst. Res.''. . He defined systems science as "the ordered arrangement of knowledge acquired from the study of systems in the observable world, together with the application of this knowledge to the design of man-made systems."〕 Systems science covers formal sciences such as complex systems, cybernetics, dynamical systems theory, and systems theory, and applications in the field of the natural and social sciences and engineering, such as control theory, operations research, social systems theory, systems biology, systems dynamics, human factors, systems ecology, systems engineering and systems psychology.〔According to Francis Heylighen in "What are Cybernetics and Systems Science?" on ''Principia Cybernetica Web'' (1999) systems science is an "academic domain, that touches virtually all traditional disciplines, from mathematics, technology and biology to philosophy and the social sciences."〕 Themes commonly stressed in system science are (a) holistic view, (b) interaction between a system and its embedding environment, and (c) complex (often subtle) trajectories of dynamic behavior that sometimes are stable (and thus reinforcing), while at various 'boundary conditions' can become wildly unstable (and thus destructive). Concerns about Earth-scale biosphere/geosphere dynamics is an example of the nature of problems to which systems science seeks to contribute meaningful insights. == Theories == Since the emergence of general systems research in the 1950s,〔Robert L. Flood (1993) ''Dealing with Complexity: : An Introduction to the Theory and Application of Systems Science.'' p. 3〕 systems thinking and systems science have developed into many theoretical frameworks. ;Systems analysis :Systems analysis is the branch of systems science that analyzes systems, the interactions within those systems, and/or interaction with its environment,〔Anthony Debons. "Command and Control: Technology and Social Impact" in: ''Advances in computers,'' Vol. 11. Franz L. Alt & Morris Rubinoff eds. (1971). p. 362〕 often prior to their automation as computer models. This field is closely related to operations research. ;Systems design :Systems design is the process of "establishing and specifying the optimum system component configuration for achieving specific goal or objective."〔 For example in computing, systems design can define the hardware and systems architecture which includes many sub-architectures including software architecture, components, modules, interfaces, and data, as well as security, information, and others, for a computer system to satisfy specified requirements. ;System dynamics :System dynamics is an approach to understanding the behavior of complex systems over time. It offers "simulation technique for modeling business and social systems,"〔Center for Complex Adaptive Agent Systems Simulation Argonne National Laboratory (2007) ''Managing Business Complexity : Discovering Strategic Solutions with Agent-Based Modeling and Simulation: Discovering Strategic Solutions with Agent-Based Modeling and Simulation.'' Oxford University Press. p. 55〕 which deals with internal feedback loops and time delays that affect the behavior of the entire system. What makes using system dynamics different from other approaches to studying complex systems is the use of feedback loops and stocks and flows. ;Systems engineering :Systems engineering (SE) is an interdisciplinary field of engineering, that focuses on the development and organization of complex systems. It is the "art and science of creating whole solutions to complex problems,"〔Derek K. Hitchins (2008) ''Systems Engineering: A 21st Century Systems Methodology.'' p. 100〕 for example: signal processing systems, control systems and communication system, or other forms of high-level modelling and design in specific fields of engineering. ;Systems methodologies :There are several types of Systems Methodologies, that is, disciplines for analysis of systems. For example: : * Soft systems methodology (SSM) : in the field of organizational studies is an approach to organisational process modelling, and it can be used both for general problem solving and in the management of change. It was developed in England by academics at the University of Lancaster Systems Department through a ten-year Action Research programme. : * System development methodology (SDM) in the field of IT development is a general term applied to a variety of structured, organized processes for developing information technology and embedded software systems. : * Viable systems approach (vSa) is a methodology useful for the understanding and governance of complex phenomena; it has been successfully proposed in the field of management, decision making, marketing and service. ;Systems theories :Systems theory is an interdisciplinary field that studies complex systems in nature, society, and science. More specifically, it is a conceptual framework by which one can analyze and/or describe any group of objects that work in concert to produce some result. ;Systems science :Systems sciences are scientific disciplines partly based on systems thinking such as chaos theory, complex systems, control theory, cybernetics, sociotechnical systems theory, systems biology, systems ecology, systems psychology and the already mentioned systems dynamics, systems engineering, and systems theory. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Systems science」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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